The association between Canadian folic acid flour fortification and the incidence rate of early childhood cancers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this population-based, cross-sectional cohort study was to examine incidence rates of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), brain cancers (BC) embryonal cancers (EC) and Wilms' tumor (WT) in Ontario children aged 0-4 and 5-9 before and after folic acid (FA) fortification of flour. Cases were indentified using the Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario's cancer registry. Time series analysis demonstrated that in both age groups, there were no differences in the incidence of ALL, BT and EC after FA fortification. The incidence of WT significantly decreased in the 0-4 age group from 1.94 per 100 000 before fortification to 1.43 per 100 000 after fortification (p=0.019), which corresponded to a 30% reduction. Ontario is unique because it is the only region with FA fortification and a network of pediatric oncology centres submitting to a central database. The results suggest that FA fortification was associated with a 30% reduction in WT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".