Pragmatics, Phonological Processing, and Reading: Language Abilities in 'Unaffected' School-Aged Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Siblings of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) who do not have ASD outcomes are more likely than their peers to experience delays in language acquisition as preschoolers. However, less is known about how these siblings are faring when they are school-aged. We examined language-related abilities of 17 non-ASD siblings, aged 8-11. On average, the non-ASD siblings performed more poorly than the normative sample on measures of phonological memory and phonological awareness. In contrast, word-level reading was intact. No impairments relative to norms were found on a direct child assessment and parent-report measure of pragmatic language; however, recommendations for further research in this area are made. The two pragmatic measures demonstrated weak convergent validity; questions were raised regarding the influence of having an older child with ASD and the effects on parents' frame of reference. Comparing two direct language assessments, this sample performed more poorly in pragmatics than structural language.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".