An Investigation on Renewable Carbons as Natural Sources of Fluorescent and Conductive Materials for Smart Device Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Controlled carbonization of biomass leads to nano-layered graphitic structures with characteristic crystalline sp2 hybridization with conductive and optical properties. The starting material and processing parameters influence the final chemical and morphological structure of the renewable carbon, which determine its practical applications. Biomasses investigated include various wood, xylem sap and peanut shells. Controlled pyrolysis of several wood species to 800 ˚C yielded photoluminescent graphene clusters with a notable electrical conductivity of 600 S/m and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 47.7 dB at 12 GHz. This is due to the renewable graphitic carbon’s material graphene-graphite composite, since graphene is known to be highly conductive due to its high carrier mobility. Catalytic graphitization with iron nitrate nanoparticles successfully showed the formation of single crystal graphitic carbon structures in black spruce (Picea mariana) at temperatures between 300-800 ˚C and conductivity of 850 S/m. This P. mariana renewable carbon was applied as the cathode of a coin cell battery. To reduce processing temperature further, hydrothermal pyrolysis was performed at 180 ˚C on xylem sap. A characteristic crystalline sp2 carbon was observed in hydrochar xylem syrup. When UV light is shone on the carbon, by the “naked eye” it can selectively detect Fe3+ ions and pH. A chemo sensor was designed based on logic gates, which can displace traditional metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) based circuits. Additionally, multiple thermogravimetric comparisons were performed using several model-free and model-based kinetic analyses, where activation energy and pre-exponential factors were determined during the decomposition process. Peanut shell graphitic carbon was applied as an electrode in a Li-ion coin cell battery, yielding a specific capacity of 220 mAh/g and 100 % columbic efficiency for 800 cycles. Thus, these findings on renewable carbon will open a new frontier in sustainable bio-electronics and energy materials manufacturing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".