The characterization of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) chemical pulp and paper
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hemp, a non-forest based plant, is an ideal fibrous resource that is suited for use in the Pulp and Paper products sector. It is an annual plant that can be harvested within 90 days of seeding and has both morphological characteristics (long and short cells within its stem) and chemical composition (low lignin, high holocellulose) conducive for high quality papermaking. The focus of this research is to provide an evaluation of hemp fibre as a furnish for pulp and paper applications in the Canadian context. Laboratory scale experiments were carried out to study the degradation of hemicellulose constituents during chemical (Kraft) pulping processes. The neutral sugars of L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-xylose, and D-mannose were quantified using high pH anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). The primary hemicellulose constituent in hemp raw material was xylose and glucose. The analysis of the pulps indicated an initial dissolution of 25% of the primary hemicellulose constituents of hemp, a significant improvement over traditional pulp wood species of aspen and spruce, which showed an initial hemicellulose dissolution of 41% and 81% respectively. Following initial dissolution, the hemp hemicelluloses were unaffected during the Kraft pulping until the temperature reached 170°C. At this temperature, the measured concentration of the major constituents was significantly higher than at the lower temperatures, suggesting that during the alkali hydrolysis, more hemicellulose fragments were produced. Handsheets produced with aspen/hemp fibre blends displayed different structural characteristics in comparison to pure aspen sheets. The density distribution of the aspen/hemp blended sheets was investigated using an X-Ray method developed in the course of this research project. The blended aspen/hemp paper showed a significantly higher average sheet density, which accounted for the higher strength values observed. Using a pilot-scale digester, hemp pulp was produced and blend with aspen Kraft pulp. The reinforcing potential of the hemp fibre within the pulp blend was studied utilizing measures such as tensile index, tear index, burst index and sheet bulk, which were used to asses the strength changes in the blended paper produced. Of these measured characteristics, tensile strength was the most responsive to successive increases in the hemp content in the sheet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".