Bibliographic record
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders, atypical facial pain, atypical odontalgia and Burning Mouth Syndrome are four challenging chronic orofacial pain conditions. The biopsychosocial model of chronic pain recognizes that neurophysiology, psychological processes and social factors mediate pain. However, relatively little is known about the effect of social environments. The family represents the most immediate social environment. The objectives of this study were to (i) compare family functioning in chronic orofacial pain and pain-free families using multiple family informants and a postulated biopsychosocial theoretical framework and (ii) to identify psychosocial predictors of pain improvement at six-months follow-up. This study used a two-phase study approach. Phase 1 was a cross-sectional study of chronic orofacial pain and pain-free families comprised of the female chronic orofacial pain subject or female pain-free volunteer and their intimate partner. Pain females were recruited from Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto while female volunteers were drawn from the Faculty of Dentistry clinic and environs. Female subjects completed standard questionnaires, which included the Family Environment Scale, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the modified version of the Chronic Stress Inventory. Pain females also completed pain questions. Corresponding data were obtained from intimate partners using postal questionnaires. Pain questionnaires were mailed to pain females in phase 2 six-month after phase I recruitment. Data analyses from 41 chronic orofacial pain couples and 50 pain-free couples showed both significant between-group and within-family, functioning differences. Phase 1 identified female-partner marital adjustment differences, social life chronic stress, couple depressive symptomatology and partner expressiveness (communication) as significant predictors of pain intensity. Psychosocial factors were also identified as the strongest predictors of pain reduction and self-rated pain improvement in phase 2. This study showed family functioning differences between chronic orofacial pain and pain-free families that provide preliminary support for the theoretical framework with putative adaptive and operant pathways mediating the relationship between pain and family functioning. Psychosocial factors as prognostic predictors of pain improvement underscore the need for further research to elucidate family interactions and to investigate the implications of psychosocial factors in the management of chronic orofacial pain conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".