The Association Between Prenatal Depression and Anxiety and Children's’ Sleep Patterns at Age 3: A Cohort Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Behavioral insomnia of childhood has a prevalence as high as 25–30%, and has negative long-term consequences. Prenatal depression is a potential contributor to disturbed sleep patterns. However, few studies have examined children aged three and older.Objective: To evaluate the association between prenatal depression/anxiety and children's sleep patterns at age 3. A further aim is to establish whether maternal depression and anxiety in different trimesters have a differential effect. Methods: The dependent variables are maternal-reported child sleep latency, total sleep duration and nighttime awakenings. The main independent variables are the maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire score. Results/Conclusion: A multiple regression revealed a robust association between prenatal depression at 28-32 weeks of pregnancy and child awakening. While programming effects of maternal depression on child neurodevelopment may account for these findings, alternative explanations such as shared genetic risk require further consideration in future work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".