Adverse obstetrical and perinatal outcomes among foreign-born women living in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Numerous non-Canadian studies have shown that immigrant women experience higher rates of adverse maternal and perinatal events relative to the general non-immigrant population. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to estimate the risk of adverse obstetrical and perinatal outcomes among foreign-born women residing in Toronto, using a validated obstetrical database within a downtown hospital. Main study outcomes were preterm delivery between 32 and 36 completed weeks' gestation, low infant birth weight and delivery by Cesarean section. Compared to Canadian-born women, those who were foreign-born had an associated adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64-1.14) for preterm delivery, 1.92 (95% CI 1.29-2.85) for low birth weight, and 1.16 (95% CI 1.01-1.34) for Cesarean delivery. This study found that foreign-born women had a non-significant lower risk of preterm birth, but a higher risk of low birth weight infants and Cesarean section, compared to Canadian-born women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".