Exploring non-compliance: the United States, international law and torture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using theoretical insights from International Law and International Relations, this paper examines US policies in the early post 9/11 period with respect to the treatment of detainees captured in Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere. The paper concludes that while these policies seem to have been driven primarily by political considerations of national security, international legal rules pertaining to the treatment of detainees were also marginalised in key policy debates partly because of the insufficient or uneven internalisation of these rules in domestic political and bureaucratic circles. Focusing on the theoretical work of Harold Koh, this paper suggests that to better understand how international law works in practice it would be useful to expand Koh's analysis of the processes of internalisation to allow for disparities in the evenness with which international legal rules might be internalised within domestic bureaucracies, and for the variable relationship between political and bureaucratic internalisation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".