Banks and non-banks in the Toronto CMA: The impact of financial intermediaries on spatial justice in the city
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis examines the distribution and change of bank locations in the Toronto CMA over a fifteen-year period marked by observations in 1986 and 2001. The objective is to identify the relationship between the pattern of bank and non-bank locations and the spatial distribution of people by income. This thesis establishes that the spatial pattern of service delivery by banks and non-banks compromises spatial justice because equity in financial service access is reduced for those with low-incomes. Counts and ratios of service levels for banks in census tracts were tabulated and the significance in difference between income groups determined using null hypothesis randomization testing. This thesis finds that in 2001, the ratio of banks to population is significantly higher in tracts characterized by higher median household incomes. This bias in bank locations represents a marked shift from 1986. The repositioning of bank strategies has resulted in uneven spatial patterns of service delivery, with severe implications for entitlement to financial citizenship and urban development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".