An Examination of the Effects of Victimization from Adolescent Bullying on Early-adulthood Health and Education: A Two-stage Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether having been bullied in mid-adolescence has a measurable effect on health and economic welfare at age 25. Methods: This analysis applies a two-stage residual inclusion approach to the Next Steps survey cohort (n = 4017) to account for endogeneity resulting from variable mismeasurement. Control variables for stress factors are included to account for other hypothesized sources of endogeneity. Results: Having been bullied during adolescence is observed to have a significant and harmful relationship with a majority of the quality-of-life measures. Evidence of hypothesized sources of endogeneity are detected. Conclusion: Having been bullied during mid-adolescence is a significant economic and health shock at the level of the individual. Furthermore, as bullying is also highly prevalent worldwide, the cumulative effects across individuals make bullying a serious burden at a societal level. Initiatives which mitigate early-life stress and adolescent transitional pressures can likely improve overall social welfare.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".