Reported stress, personality, and mental health in parents of children with pervasive developmental disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the nature of reported stress, personality characteristics, and mental health of parents of children (from 6 to 18 years of age) who have been diagnosed with a Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD). This study used a survey design. Parents from organizations across Ontario that served children with PDD were contacted by regular mail, e-mail, newsletter, and Internet advertisement. In total, 167 parents completed 7 measures that assessed parent depression, anxiety, personality, stress, marital functioning, child functioning, and collected demographic and mental health information. Measures were mailed and were completed independently. The current paper reports on two sub-samples of this investigation: 52 matched (married) mothers and fathers of children with PDD, and 110 mothers of children with PDD. Mothers scored significantly higher than fathers on measures of depression, anxiety, neuroticism and stress. Of the 52 couples, 8 (15.4%) males and 16 (30.8%) females scored at or above the clinical cutoff for depression. Using cut-off scores for anxiety, 12 males (23.1%) and 20 females (38.5%) were in the mild to severe range of anxiety. Significant differences between mothers and fathers in the rates of depression, anxiety, and neuroticism scores, were discovered when examining the parent scores based on child functioning. There were only significant differences between the high-and low-functioning groups for the extroversion scale (NEO-FFI), with fathers of the high-functioning child group being less extroverted than those of the low-functioning group. The intent of the second set of analyses (using 110 mothers) was to build regression equations for depression, anxiety and stress. The factors of lower level of parent education, pre-existing mental health diagnosis prior to the birth of the child with PDD, and a high level of neuroticism were significant positive contributors to both the depression and anxiety equations. The variance explained for these equations was 46% and 54% respectively. In the stress model, significant predictors were reported parent social phobia and child stereotyped behaviours, accounting for 38% of the variance. The findings of mental health issues and specific personality traits in parents of children with PDD have significant implications for service delivery, and should be sensitively assessed in clinical interventions with this group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".