Bibliographic record
Abstract
The evolution of the optical fiber to high speed, low cost data transmission media led to the Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) standard in North America and to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) in Europe. With the exponential growth of the Internet nodes and, hence, the need for a media with low cost and high band-width, the use of optical fibers is increasing rapidly. The optical transmitter converts electrical pulses to optical pulses. Ultra-pure glass fiber is the medium used to guide light pulses. The optical receiver converts optical pulses to electrical ones. In order to sample the continuous time received signal and convert it to a discrete time sequence, the receiver needs an in-phase clock at the symbol rate. A clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit extracts the necessary phase information from the data. The CDR circuit is complex, and the design of such systems for high data rates is challenging. In this dissertation, a CDR circuit for multi-giga-bits serial data communication was designed and fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS technology. Jitter peaking phenomena of the existing CDR systems have a destructive effect on digital repeater chains. Design and implementation of a CDR architecture that theoretically produces no jitter peaking were the ultimate goals of the research. Such a CDR system was designed and fabricated. The proposed CDR system was proven analytically and by measurement to produce no jitter peaking. Among the test circuits implemented was a 3–11GHz voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The proposed VCO consists of two two-stage ring oscillators that are coupled to each other. It has been proven analytically that the coupled two-stage ring oscillator is faster than other types of ring oscillators. A linear and a three-state digital phase detector as well as a frequency detector, suitable for high speed CDRs, have been proposed and implemented. Simulations and measurements show that the three-state phase detector has improved performance for high speed applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".