Bibliographic record
Abstract
Concussion can result in deficits in balance during walking and standing, particularly exacerbated by sensory perturbations. The goal of this research was to investigate how concussion, 2 - 4 weeks after injury, impacts balance and sensory integration in response to various discrete and continuous perturbations during both standing and gait. This was done using three distinct studies: Study 1 examined responses to discrete virtual visual perturbations and physical platform perturbations during standing, Study 2 analyzed responses to discrete virtual visual perturbations and physical platform perturbations during walking, and Study 3 investigated responses to continuous virtual visual and vestibular perturbations while walking. In Study 1, 18 non-concussed controls and 12 concussed participants were tested. Discrete unexpected visual and physical perturbations during standing were applied to observe balance reactions. Concussed individuals demonstrated decreased ML COP displacement, velocity and path length in response to visual and physical perturbations and increased AP COP velocity and path length in response to visual perturbations. This suggests that concussed individuals may adopt a more conservative response to external perturbations in the ML direction and may demonstrate instability in the AP direction. In Study 2, the same perturbations were used with the same group of participants during gait. There were no group differences in response to physical perturbations, however, concussed individuals demonstrated lower centre of mass mediolateral displacement in response to visual perturbations. After a concussion, individuals exhibited a conservative stepping strategy, decreasing their centre of mass movement in response to discrete visual perturbations. This suggests an increased sensitivity to disrupted visual information. In Study 3, 15 non-concussed controls and 10 concussed participants were tested. Continuous visual and vestibular perturbations were applied while walking in a virtual environment to induce mediolateral deviations. It was observed that concussed individuals deviated more with vestibular perturbations and in conflicting perturbations and less with only visual perturbations. This suggests that after concussion there may be increased sensitivity to continuous vestibular perturbations and a more cautious strategy in response to visual perturbations. Overall, it was demonstrated that 1) visual perturbations resulted in balance disturbances during standing after concussion, 2) a conservative stepping strategy can be observed after concussion in response to visual perturbations, and 3) concussion may increase the sensitivity to vestibular information during gait and result in more cautious response to visual perturbations. Understanding balance and sensory integration after concussion can help improve individualized approaches to care after injury.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".