A Multi-Pollutant Evaluation of Intraurban Spatial and Socioeconomic Disparity in Exposure in Hamilton, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Environmental inequities have long been documented in air quality exposure; however, previous research focuses on just a few pollutants. A year-long passive air monitoring campaign investigating intraurban pollution variation was undertaken within Hamilton and Burlington, Canada for the following pollutants: nitrogen oxides (NOx, NO2), ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). NO2 and O3 varied widely across the city, and SO2 had elevated concentrations only downwind of industry. PACs were elevated yet varied dramatically across the city. Pollution surfaces of NO2, O3 and PAC toxicity were developed by land-use regression models. Pollutant surfaces were evaluated for environmental inequality by assessing their association with the dimensions of the Ontario Marginalization Index using a spatial lag regression model. There was inadequate evidence of exposure inequality for most pollutants. This indicates that patterns of inequalities related to Canadian air pollution are not universal, rather, they are city- and pollutant-specific.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".