Methotrexate-loaded Microbubbles for Ultrasound-triggered Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a systemically injected immunomodulatory drug used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The goal of this thesis was to develop ultrasound-responsive MTX-loaded, phospholipid microbubbles (MBs) with comparable in vitro stability as existing clinical MBs and with sufficient drug-loading for future ultrasound-guided, targeted, MTX treatment of IBD. To quantify drug-loading and stability with different lipid formulations, four different MTX-phospholipid complexes were formed via co-solvent evaporation, and used to stabilize oil droplets in water. Subsequent lyophilization formed empty MTX-lipid shells, which were fluorocarbon gas-filled and reconstituted with saline to form MTX-MBs. MTX-MB stability was greater when MTX-18-carbon lipid (DSPC) complexes were used in comparison to MTX-16-carbon lipid (DPPC) complexes (60 minutes and 160 minutes at 37 ̊C, respectively). MTX-loading varied substantially between formulations, with highest drug-loading being 7.2 ± 3.01 μg per 109 DSPC MBs. Based on results, these MTX-loaded MBs are a promising approach for future, targeted, IBD treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".