Household Indebtedness and Socio-Spatial Polarization among Immigrant and Visible Minority Neighbourhoods in Canada's Global Cities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two key attributes of contemporary global capitalism are on the one hand, financialization and rising household indebtedness, and on the other, high levels of mobility and migration between nations, particularly into the `global' cities. Studies on household debt as it relates to race and immigrant status are scarce outside of the US. This thesis investigates levels and types of household indebtedness at the neighbourhood scale among immigrant communities and areas containing more racialized people, in the three largest Canadian cities - Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver (TMV). In particular, it seeks to understand whether racialized and immigrant neighbourhoods experience higher and more onerous kinds of debt (such as unsecured forms of consumer debt) than other neighbourhoods, and the contours of any correlations between them. Descriptive statistics and regression models demonstrate that neighbourhoods housing immigrant groups, and certain visible minority groups, relate to higher levels of unsecured consumer debts in TMV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".