Hybrid Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Systems for the Non-Destructive Detection of Corrosion-Induced Defects in Steel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Four combinations of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers operated at two frequencies are tested on an industrially representative 1018 Low Carbon steel plate and pipe section with an artificial pitting defect. The combination involving a Periodic Permanent Magnet EMAT as the transmitter and a Magnetostrictive Meander Line Coil EMAT as the receiver was found to be the most favourable due to its strong signal strength in non-defect regions and signal reduction in areas with defects. It was also generally found that operating at the lower of a pair of operating frequencies and using the Magnetostrictive EMAT as the receiver led to better overall defect sensitivity. Two of the four combinations were hybrid versions, which demonstrated heightened signal strength over their homogeneous counterparts. Finite element simulations and additional experiments were conducted to theoretically supplement and verify the above results and trends.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".