Fine-scale Population Structure and Genetic Relatedness of the Whelk Buccinum undatum in NAFO Subdivision 3Ps
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Buccinum undatum (waved whelk) is a neogastropod with several small-scale commercial fisheries in Atlantic Canada. Whelks are vulnerable to overfishing, partly because they lack a pelagic larval phase. To date, no studies in the region have explored the species’ population structure at a fishery relevant scale. We quantified fine-scale genetic structure and relatedness in whelks within the NAFO 3Ps fishing zone and in the broader Northwest Atlantic. Genetic structure estimates were low, indicating one genetic population within 3Ps and subtle but significant differentiation across the Northwest Atlantic. We found several putative close kin pairs within 3Ps spaced at a range of distances, suggesting movement from the natal site varies among individuals. Our results indicate that 3Ps whelk are genetically well-mixed, but the implications of this for population persistence remain unknown. To safeguard the stock in the face of continued fishing, further assessments of movement capacity and demographic traits are warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".