Water-energy Nexus in Intermittent Water Supplies: A Household-induced Trap
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intermittent water supply (IWS) is a persistent reality for one billion people. Here we explore one possible reason for the persistence of IWS: friction-induced energy loss. Under IWS, water is delivered in a short period, increasing flow rates and friction. To quantify this IWS-friction relationship, we defined three paces at which a household could withdraw water from IWS and determined how each pace would contribute to energy loss. We implemented each household withdrawal type by: a) expressing an analytic model of energy loss in a highly simplified IWS and b) simulating the behaviours of IWS in EPANET. Together, the analytic expressions and the EPANET simulations provide strong evidence that energy loss in an IWS is highly dependent on the household withdrawal type which may trap some utilities in the mode of IWS. We recommend additional theoretical and field research on IWS investigate the pace at which household withdrawals occur.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".