Efficacy of Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Left Temporoparietal Area to Improve Insight Into Illness in Schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Impaired insight into illness is a common characteristic of schizophrenia that may lead to a reluctance to seek or adhere to treatment. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been investigated as a potential treatment to improve insight, with cathodal tDCS over the left temporoparietal area (TPA) showing potential benefits. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of cathodal tDCS over the left TPA in improving insight in individuals with schizophrenia, including 13 studies with 580 patients. No significant difference was found between studies that placed the cathode over the left TPA versus other regions. The results suggest that cathodal tDCS over the left TPA is as efficacious as other montages in improving insight, with age influencing treatment outcomes. We discuss brain networks involved in impaired insight, a possible mechanism of tDCS in improving insight, highlight gaps in the literature, and provide recommendations for future research directions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".