Inaccuracies in Community Spine Radiology Impact Timely Presentation of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study objectives were to determine 1) the clinical utility of community spine imaging for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), 2) the diagnostic accuracy of community radiology for AIS brace candidates, and 3) if inaccurate measurements were associated with late AIS referrals. The index test was the community spine x-ray. The reference standard was the 3-foot standing spine x-ray. Quality of the index image was evaluated utilizing a weighted score. Diagnostic criterion for a brace candidate was dichotomized by Cobb angle range (25-40°). Index x-rays were remeasured by tertiary care clinicians and agreement computed. The odds of late referral were estimated from discrepancies in Cobb angle readings. Most index images were inadequate for AIS evaluation. Accuracy of the index test to detect a brace candidate was 65.8%. Agreement with community radiology was moderate. The odds of late referral increased with measurement inaccuracies. Accuracy of community radiology was suboptimal, impacting timely referrals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.077 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".