Investigating the Effects of Autophagic-Lysosomal Modulation on Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Neuronal, Astrocytic, and Microglial Cell Lines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are important for their homeostatic and pathological roles in health and disease. EVs can play a role in propagating disease material in Alzheimer’s disease, but the exact mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. It is postulated that changes in the autophagic-lysosomal system can contribute to the progression of AD, but the relationship between the A-LS and EVs has not yet been elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that autophagic inhibition through bafilomycin A1 enhances EV biogenesis and induces overexpression of autophagy markers (i.e., p62 and mTOR pS2448), suggesting a decline in autophagic activity. Changes in EV biogenesis and composition are also observed through treatment with other autophagic modulators, though to a lesser extent. This study sheds novel insights into the role of autophagy on EV biogenesis and cargo and offers foundational knowledge into the impacts of A-LS dysfunction on the neuropathogenesis of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".