Effects of Hypoxia on Drug Transport in the Developing Human Blood-brain Barrier: Implications for Fetal Brain Protection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) are two multidrug resistance transporters expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). They confer protection against entry of harmful molecules into the fetal brain. The fetus develops under relatively low oxygen concentrations; however, pregnancy disorders may lead to even lower intrauterine oxygen levels. We investigated the effects of hypoxia on transporter expression in early- and mid-gestation human fetal brain endothelial cells (hfBECs). Results indicate a decrease in BCRP protein and activity under hypoxia in early-gestation hfBECs. Mid-gestation hfBECs exhibited an increase in P-gp and BCRP activity following hypoxia. These findings suggest a decrease in fetal brain protection in early-pregnancy, but a potential protective effect of the transporters at the BBB during mid-gestation, possibly modifying transfer of various substrates across the fetal BBB under hypoxia. Future studies are required to investigate the mechanisms by which hypoxia modulates P-gp and BCRP at the fetal BBB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".