Effects of human milk and formula on the expression of intestinal xenobiotic transporters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Efflux transporters, including P-glycoprotein (MDR1) and MRP2, in the intestine play important roles in decreasing drug bioavailability. Recently, we showed that human milk and formula have different effects on intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which explains the clinical observation of the significantly faster metabolism of caffeine by formula-fed infants. Since CYP enzymes and MDR1 and MRP2 are sometimes co-regulated, we hypothesize that human milk and formula have different effects on the expression of MDR1 and MRP2. Experiments were conducted using an in vitro cell model, C2BBe1 cells. Both human milk and formula (each at 20%) caused a significant increase in P-gp expression without a concomitant change in mRNA expression. However, 20% of human milk caused a significant increase in both MRP2 mRNA and protein expression, while formula had no effect. Therefore, human milk seems to exert effects on the mRNA expression of MDR1 and MRP2 through different pathways.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".