Associations of Linear Growth in the First 2 Years with Bone Mass at 4 Years of Age in Children in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite attention towards growth faltering in low-and middle-income countries, less is known about childhood bone mass. In a cohort of 4-year-old children in Bangladesh, we aimed to estimate associations between length (conditional length-for-age z-scores, cLAZ) and weight (conditional weight-for-age z-scores, cWAZ) gain measured in 3 intervals (ages 0-6, 6-12, 12-24 months) and bone outcomes (total-body-less-head bone mineral content, BMC, areal bone mineral density, aBMD, and bone area) at age 4-years (n=599). Positive associations of cLAZ in each interval with bone outcomes were rendered null after adjustment for concurrent height at 4-years. cWAZ between 12-24 months was independently associated with BMC (7.5g; 95%CI:3.1,11.8) and aBMD (0.008g/cm2; 95%CI:0.002,0.014) after adjusting for weight and height at 4-years. The associations between linear growth (birth to 2-years) and bone mass are explained by concurrent height. However, weight gain in the second year of life might improve bone mass, irrespective of length growth, in this setting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".