Bibliographic record
Abstract
This dissertation is a historical study of the indigenization of Christianity in Korea between 1889 and 1919. There is general consensus among historians concerning the details of how Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodoxy became established on the peninsula. How the universal teachings of Christianity became localized—that is, indigenized—in Korea has received much less scholarly attention. This study seeks to answer the question of how Christianity became Korean. At the turn of the twentieth century, foreign missionaries and Korean converts on the peninsula faced a complex political, social, cultural, and religious situation. Their goal was to localize Christianity within this context, and one of the ways they accomplished this was through print media. Beginning in 1889, Christian leaders established Korean-language Christian periodicals and published articles on various topics, translating Christian teachings into the local language and culture. These leaders focused on three main topics of indigenization: 1) alcohol and tobacco, 2) marriage and family, and 3) idols and ancestor veneration. This study analyzes the discourse of articles published in the early Korean Christian print media, investigating how foreign missionaries and Korean converts interacted with one another, both within and across the denominational lines of Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodoxy. The categories of analysis are theological argumentation, gender, the Chinese literary tradition, Confucian morality, and the theme of harm. This dissertation demonstrates that in their negotiations, Christian leaders in Korea shared a general consensus about the three main topics of indigenization, though it notes a number of differences in emphasis and points of tension. The study concludes that as Christian leaders defined the proper Christian position concerning a topic, they reinforced boundaries of membership in the Christian community in Korea. Finally, the dissertation identifies a number of characteristics of the Korean Christianity that emerged. The results of this research suggest that as missionaries and converts work together to indigenize Christianity, they negotiate with elements of both the universal and the local. An understanding of global Christianity, therefore, requires an understanding of the Christianities produced through processes of translation and boundary maintenance within local Christian communities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".