"Something beyond religion": the Catholic Taxpayer's Association and the Ontario school tax question : a study of Catholic action in education
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The by-product of internecine Christian tensions inflamed in Ontario in the post-Confederation era, the school tax question became the key economic imperative of the proponents of the province's separate schools entering the twentieth century. While it had appeared that the matter of public funding for denominational schools had been settled for the minority Protestant and Catholic populations of Quebec and Ontario in the British North America Act (1867), this settlement would prove short-lived. The growth of property ownership in corporate form, to say nothing of the creation of numerous public utilities in the later nineteenth century would serve to undo many of the gains made by separate school reformers in the preceding forty years. A new law, the toothless Assessment Act (1886) failed to direct a compulsory division of assessments between Protestants and Catholics in regard to their corporation and public utility taxes. As a result, the “school tax question” was born, and debate over educational funding in Ontario would rage on for the next one hundred years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.036 | 0.030 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".