Mechanisms Regulating Resistance Training Mediated Hypertrophy in Human Skeletal Muscle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is well established that resistance training induces muscle hypertrophy, although the mechanisms and influence of biological sex are unclear. The extent of post-exercise myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS), satellite cells (SC) and dietary amino acids to promote muscle hypertrophy have generally been investigated independently in controlled lab based settings and predominately in males; therefore this dissertation systematically examined how MyoPS, SC and dietary amino acids are influenced by acute resistance exercise, resistance training and sex in a single study. Ten young men (~23.0 y) and women (~23.0 y) completed a single bout of resistance exercise before and after 8-weeks of whole-body resistance training with muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis taken immediately prior to, 24-, and 48-hours after each bout. Study 1 displayed, irrespective of acute exercise or training status, males had greater rates of integrated MyoPS over 48 h, and regardless of sex, post-exercise MyoPS was positively related to muscle hypertrophy only in the trained state. In Study two, irrespective of sex and acute resistance exercise, resistance training induced SC accretion in only type II fibers, and the change in pre – post type II SC content was related to type II muscle fiber hypertrophy. In Study 3, the incorporation of post-exercise dietary amino acids into contractile myofibrillar and non-contractile sarcoplasmic proteins was reduced in the trained state, regardless of sex, suggesting less reliance of dietary amino acids to sustain post-exercise MyoPS in the in trained state. We also observed that, irrespective of sex and acute resistance exercise, resistance training promoted greater mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) proximity to the cell periphery and capillaries and concomitant colocalization with the lysosome suggesting an increased efficiency to sequester dietary amino acids and activate MyoPS in the trained state. Males had greater post-exercise mTOR colocalization with the lysosome, which may in part, explain the greater rates of MyoPS. Based on these studies, it appears that resistance exercise in the trained state is reflective of hypertrophic adaptations, through MyoPS and SC content, and may result in less reliance of dietary amino acids. These changes may be underpinned by altered intracellular mTOR redistribution with training.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".