Bibliographic record
Abstract
The air-sea interaction in the North Atlantic Ocean is studied in three parts. In the first part, we use the historical dataset from Ocean Weather Station (OWS) Bravo to characterize the air-sea fluxes occurring in the Labrador Sea. The Labrador Sea is one of a handful of locations where deep ocean convection is known to occur. We find that there is significant high frequency variability (which would get masked with monthly mean analyses) in the buoyancy flux attributable to the passage of synoptic weather systems. We also highlight the importance of precipitation as it is an important source of positive buoyancy flux at high latitudes. The buoyancy flux temporarily becomes positive during the passage of a cyclone. The timescale for this change in buoyancy flux is similar to the timescale for the convective plumes in the ocean, suggesting that the variability of the high frequency variability in the atmosphere could modify deep ocean convection. In the second part, we introduce a novel way to quantify the variance of a time series and apply it to the OWS Bravo dataset. The method involves first filtering the time series using filters with different temporal characteristics, and then using a moving window to calculate the variances in each filtered time series. The use of a moving window allows the original temporal resolution to be retained, as well as allowing one to study how the variance changes with time. We find that the variance during the winter months is strongly influenced by weather systems in the bandpass and the lowpass frequency range. The variance during the summer months, on the other hand, is dominated by the shortwave radiation in the highpass frequency range. Finally, in the third part, using a global meteorological dataset, we examine basin scale signals in the North Atlantic. Using a trigger point in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Sea, we identify a basin scale regime shift that resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) spatial pattern. Unlike the NAO signal which occurs on an annual timescale, this regime shift occurs on intra-month time scales. Composites of the “before” and “after” regimes illustrate the respective flow patterns and the associated changes in the heat fluxes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".