Empire Online: The US Government's Reterritorialization of Cyberspace after 9/11
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The US government, through cybersecurity policy and legislation, reterritorialized cyberspace after 9/11, making territory legible online in ways conducive to cyber war. Before 9/11, cybersecurity had not existed as a formal policy matter in the US. Instead, there had been three decades of disjointed policies that understood the internet primarily through its physical infrastructure. By the end of the 1990s, some policymakers argued that while the internet had radically improved many aspects of life, it also undermined borders and distance and thus posed existential risks to national security. After 9/11, the US formalized cybersecurity as part of “homeland security” and the “war on terror.” Cybersecurity, I argue, was not just a technical project, but a geographical undertaking. It discursively reimagined the cyber in spatial terms that reinscribed borders and distance with meaning. The result was a cyber homeland that could be defended and the reproduction of the American empire online.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".