Decreased hippocampal GAP-43 immunoreactivity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background. Impairment of neuroplasticity is recognized as important to bipolar disorder pathogenesis. Mood stabilizers have been shown to prevent structural brain changes and promote cell viability in bipolar disorder and animal studies. GAP-43 is a marker of neuronal plasticity and cellular resiliency. Methods. Fixed hippocampal sections obtained from the Stanley Foundation Neuropathology Consortium of bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and controls were subjected to GAP-43 immunohistochemistry. Results. Significantly decreased GA-P-43 immunoreactivity was found in the hilar region of subjects with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia compared to controls. GAP-43 immunoreactivity levels in the stratum oriens of CA3 were higher in bipolar disorder subjects treated with mood stabilizers at time of death compared to subjects not treated with mood stabilizers and also controls. Conclusions. Impaired neuroplasticity may occur in the hippocampus of bipolar disorder. Mood stabilizers may exert neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects in this region in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".