The role of American libraries post-September 11th: Respecting cultural diversity, guarding civil liberties, and advocating dissent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A content analysis of a five-year period (October 2001 to December 2006) of American Libraries, the flagship journal of the American Library Association, shows that the events of September 11th, 2001, had a significant impact on the way in which librarians conceptualized their role as information providers and advocates in their communities. Libraries defended civil liberties, advocated respect for cultural diversity, and resisted many of the anti-terrorism efforts in the "war against terror." Using the analytical frameworks present in Stuart Hall's Representation (1997) and Edward Said's Orientalism (1978), the representation of Arab Americans and Muslim Americans is assessed in the post-September 11th political climate and compared to the representation of other "enemy aliens" during other times of conflict in American history, especially World War I and World War II. The study concludes by analyzing how American Libraries framed the debate on the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 between libraries and government officials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.020 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.018 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".