Effects of anthropogenically induced groundwater discharge on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in urban streams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined the influence of large-scale anthropogenically induced groundwater discharge on benthic macroinvertebrate (BMI) communities in three urban streams in south-central Ontario. These streams were monitored at four month intervals over a one year period, upstream and downstream of the discharge. The influence of groundwater discharge was greatest in one stream during the first four sampling months, resulting in colder water that lacked diel temperature variability downstream of the discharge. The effect of this disturbance on the BMI was found to exceed the influence of natural seasonal variability. The composition of the BMI community and physicochemical characteristics of the groundwater were compared to surface water characteristics at different temporal and spatial scales. These results indicated that changes in temperature corresponded to reductions in disturbance-sensitive taxa and species diversity. This study highlights the importance of mitigating temperature differences and maintaining diel temperature variability for BMI communities and stream health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".