The Morphology of Erythrocytes Reveals Differences in the Mechanisms of Erythrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Erythrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EDEVs) are a promising tool of targeted drug delivery, and the aim of this study was to compare several methods for obtaining EVs from erythrocytes in vitro. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that erythrocytes shed EVs under a number of certain treatments (calcium ionophore A23187, sodium dodecyl sulfate, lysophosphatidic acid, and incubation at 50°C). Differences in the morphology of erythrocytes subjected to conditions stimulating EDEV release indicate differences in the mechanisms of EDEV formation. Raman spectroscopy showed that EDEVs obtained by heat treatment may contain hemoglobin, while treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate results in the formation of hemoglobin-free vesicles. The data obtained will allow for the targeted selection of EDEV production methods based on the required composition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".