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Record W7133809870 · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2025.2605590

Autism and the Pseudoscience of Mind

2025· article· en· W7133809870 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenuePsychological Inquiry · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPsychology
TopicChild and Animal Learning Development
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersSocial Sciences and Humanities Research CouncilAdvanced Research Projects AgencyDalhousie UniversityDurham University
KeywordsAutismPseudoscienceContext (archaeology)Theory of mindEmpirical researchEmpirical evidenceInterpretation (philosophy)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The theory-of-mind-deficit explanation of autism proposes that autistics lack a theory of mind, that autism comprises a theory-of-mind deficit (strong version); or, that autistics often have difficulty with theory-of-mind abilities (weak version). A growing body of critical research demonstrates how these explanations of autistic behavior fail—both empirically and theoretically. The strong version lacks explanatory adequacy, while the weak version is undermined by methodological and empirical flaws in theory-of-mind research. Together, these issues suggest that the “science” of theory of mind in the context of autism is, at best, bad science. Nonetheless, researchers continue to pursue this line of inquiry in autism studies—often moving the goalposts or offering ad hoc rationalizations to preserve the theoretical framework. This article critically examines the theory-of-mind-deficit explanation of autism, focusing particularly on the widely-held view that autistics exhibit difficulties with theory of mind—i.e., the weak version of the theory-of-mind-deficit explanation. Drawing from the philosophy of science, I argue that ongoing adherence to this view exhibits all the hallmarks of a degenerating research programme. Hence, the fact that scientists have not abandoned this hypothesis entails that the research programme is pseudoscientific.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.949
Threshold uncertainty score0.758

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.049
GPT teacher head0.387
Teacher spread0.338 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it