MétaCan
Menu
Back to cohort

Analysis of User-Privacy, Third-Party Data Sharing and Consent Mechanism on Online Pharmacy Websites in Ontario

2025· article· W7133834759 on OpenAlexaffabout
Atikor Ibodeng, Zuhaibuddin Bhutto, Yan Yan, Sampsa Rauti, Ville Leppänen, Adegboola David Adelabu, Wenjun Lin

Bibliographic record

Venuenot available
Typearticle
Language
FieldMedicine
TopicPharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting
Canadian institutionsAlgoma UniversityUniversity of Guelph
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMechanism (biology)Data sharingPharmacyConfidentialityInformed consentData collectionThe Internet

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the privacy practices of online pharmacy websites in Ontario, Canada, focusing on data sharing with third parties, privacy policies, and the effectiveness of consent mechanisms. To achieve this, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using both automatic and manual network traffic analysis methods. We analyzed the traffic flow of 109 pharmacy websites, assessing the presence of third-party services, the transmission of data to third parties, and the availability and clarity of privacy policies and consent forms. Our study indicates that a significant number of pharmacy websites in Ontario share sensitive health information with third-party entities, such as Google Analytics and Facebook, even without explicit user consent. Additionally, many of these websites lack comprehensive privacy policies and effective consent mechanisms. We aim to create awareness of the limitations of third-party data sharing, the adoption of clearer and more accessible privacy policies, and robust consent mechanisms crucial for protecting the privacy of user data.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.653
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0020.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.002
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.002
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0040.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.282
GPT teacher head0.457
Teacher spread0.175 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

Explore more

Same topicPharmaceutical Quality and CounterfeitingFrench-language works237,207