Magnetic resonance imaging in the visualization of intra-articular structures of the temporomandibular joint
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary. The relevance of this study stems from the need for accurate diagnosis of intra-articular changes in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) musculoskeletal dysfunction (MSD). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for confirming intra-articular disc disorders. Anatomical characteristics of the joint and disc position are critical for an objective analysis of functional impairments and for determining the TMJ’s capacity to maintain centric relation during function.Objective. To recommend an optimal MRI protocol for objective assessment of TMJ structural and functional status in patients with TMJ-MSD. To propose a tabular structure for presenting results to support clinical practice among radiologists and dentists.Materials and Methods. The study was conducted using a Philips Prodiva 1.5T MRI scanner with a dedicated TMJ coil. Scanning was performed in sagittal, axial, and coronal planes using T1, T2, PDW, TSE, and MOVIE sequences, with the mouth closed and open. Intra-articular structures of the TMJ were visualized in 40 (47%) of the 85 (100%) patients diagnosed with TMJ-MSD. Among these, 5 patients (12.5%) were from the “disc displacement” group, and 35 patients (87.5%) from the “combined pathology” group.Results. MRI evaluation of 40 patients with TMJ-MSD identified three clinical subtypes: disc degeneration, disc displacement, and combined pathology. An MRI protocol including three mandibular positions (mouth closed, dynamic sequence, mouth open) was used, applying T1, T2, PDW, TSE, and MOVIE sequences in sagittal, axial, and coronal planes. Sagittal images were used to assess disc position, shape, thickness, and structure. Axial images enabled measurement of the condylar head, while coronal images were used to evaluate the disc position at the lateral and medial poles. Results were recorded using standardized tabular templates.Conclusions. Magnetic resonance imaging is a high-precision modality for diagnosing temporomandibular joint musculoskeletal dysfunction. It allows detection of disc displacement, structural and degenerative changes, as well as analysis of joint kinematics. A unified reporting structure facilitates shared understanding between radiologists and dental practitioners.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".