Association Between Fluoride Exposure and Immune System Biomarkers in Pregnancy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: The present study investigated whether fluoride exposure is associated with maternal immune system function in a Canadian pregnancy cohort. Methods: Urinary fluoride concentrations were measured in each trimester, dilution-adjusted, and averaged across pregnancy. Drinking water fluoride concentrations (WFC) were collected from water treatment plants. Maternal immune system biomarkers included interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and C- reactive protein (CRP) from plasma samples collected during the third trimester of pregnancy. Results: We observed a departure from linearity in the association between WFC and CRP, such that CRP levels increased with increasing WFC at levels below 0.63 mg/L. Urinary fluoride concentrations were not associated with maternal immune system biomarkers. Conclusion: Water fluoride concentrations were associated with changes in some maternal immune system biomarkers, suggesting fluoride may be implicated in inflammatory processes during the third trimester. Further characterization of the timing of maternal immune activation is needed to advance our understanding of critical vulnerability periods during pregnancy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".