Factors Affecting Nest Site Selection and Daily Nest Survival of Killdeer (Charadrius Vociferus) in a Highly Urbanized Environment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) are a commonly found ground nesting shorebird within urbanized environments in North America. Killdeer population numbers have been decreasing and this study aimed to investigate their nest site selection preferences and Daily Survival Rate (DSR) in Downsview Park, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Nest survival checks were performed on Killdeer nests during the nesting period in 2023 and 2024. I also performed habitat analyses and placed motion-triggered cameras around the park to measure predator and anthropogenic disturbance rates. I found no significant difference in habitat between real nest sites and randomly selected sites, indicating no strong nest site selection preferences. DSR for nests was within range at 0.949 (27% nest success) and decreased as Canine activity rates increased. Human activity rates had no effect on DSR. There was no evidence of an ecological trap.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".