/o/! They’re j/u/st about the same! Vowel Shift in Heritage and Homeland Seoul Korean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines a case of an identical sound shift, /u/-fronting, in both the majority (Multicultural Toronto English, Denis et al. 2013) and heritage (Seoul Korean, Kang 2016) languages in Toronto. Linear mixed effects models of the spontaneous speech of heritage (n = 16) and homeland (n = 10) Seoul Korean speakers show that Generation is not a predictor of participation in the vowel shift. In addition, heritage speakers share significant predictors of vowel shift participation that are not attested in English. A second shift, /o/-raising, is investigated as a counterpoint variable, as it is only attested in Seoul Korean but not Multicultural Toronto English (Kong and Kang 2018). Heritage speakers also participate in this shift, showing similar patterns to homeland speakers. Together, these point to Korean influence, not English interference, in heritage speakers’ participation in the vowel shift in heritage Korean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".