Bibliographic record
Abstract
WTO Jurisprudence in Environment-related Disputes Abstract There are a growing number of environment-related disputes before panels and the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The usual pattern is that one member of the WTO adopts a measure aiming at environment protection, while another WTO member considers the measure to be a restriction on international trade. The following complaint usually alleges violations of most-favoured nation treatment, national treatment, or prohibition of elimination of quantitative restrictions. The defending party then has to prove that its measure falls under one of the exceptions allowing them to restrict trade. These environment-related are a subject of this thesis. In introductory chapters, we explore the evolution of GATT/WTO approach towards the environment, the dispute settlement system, and the substantive law of this international organization. Then we analyze relevant jurisprudence from the very first dispute in 1980, when the US failed to defend their import ban on imports of tuna from Canada, to the recent Brazil ban on import of retreated tyres for their negative impacts on the environment and human as well as animal health. Then we turn to the current, yet undecided dispute on the conformity of a seal products ban with the rules of the WTO. In...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".