Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter examines some elements of post-1990 customary practice, not for the purpose of presenting this practice exhaustively, but rather to focus on the relationship between hegemonic power and the customary system of rules. It concludes that, a decade after the end of the Cold War, the primary rules of customary international law have not undergone any dramatic change as a consequence of the dominant position of the United States in the international system. Hegemony finds its expression, not in the abrupt transformation of the international legal order, but in the incidental infiltration of concepts, the “flexibilization” of custom, the maximization of the discretionary powers of policy makers and the increased impact of society on opinio necessitatis . The United States, in order to “set the agenda,” needs to coordinate its activities with those of other States possessing strategic positions within international decision-making structures. Correspondingly, and without prejudice to the possibility of persistent objection, the missing uniformity of state practice can be supplemented by the psychological element of the opinio necessitatis of international society. If we consider the transnational society of non-state actors to be an integral part of the present-day international community, then its contribution to the opinio necessitatis should be extended to custom in general. The “normative strength” of that contribution will depend on the issue and circumstances “giving birth” to a new rule.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.032 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".