Analysis of household consumption expenditure with respect to VAT
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The constant increase in public sector spending in the advanced economies, increases pressure on the revenue side of public budgets. The primary sources of public budgets are taxes. This raises a question of what type of tax instrument to choose in respect to meet the high efficiency in sourcing public budgets restriction and at the same time, to minimize the negative impact on the private sector and households. As generally effective tax is considered a consumption tax. But what is the real effect of this tax in the short run and long run? The aim of this thesis is to analyze the influence of value -- added tax (VAT) on household expendictures in the short and long run. At first I provide empirical test of the short-term effect of VAT on household spending using quarter panel data for Visegrad fore countries, as I am focused mostly on the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Then construct a broader set of data for 14 EU countries, in purpose to test the long-term effect. For testing, I use several estimation techniques for panel data, taking into account the dynamic nature of these data sets.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it