Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relative age effect (RAE), where athletes born earlier in the selection year have an advantage over their younger peers, is a well-researched phenomenon in team sports but less studied in individual sports, such as swimming, especially in smaller countries. This thesis explores both participation- and performance- based RAE in Czech youth swimming, using 2023 data from the Czech Swim- ming Association. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests and odds ratios were used to examine the birth quarter distributions among swimmers accepted to national championships. Performance-based RAE was analysed using one-way and two- way ANOVA, evaluating FINA points as a performance measure. Strong RAE was observed in younger categories, where swimmers born in the first quarter of the selection year were significantly overrepresented and often outperformed their peers. In older categories, the effect was less consistent and generally weaker. The findings offer useful insight for sports organisations, coaches, and talent scouts. The study also demonstrates the value of combining multiple sta- tistical methods to thoroughly assess the impact of relative age in competitive sports. JEL Classification C12, J13, Z20 Keywords relative age effect, birth quarter, chi-square test, ANOVA, swimming, age groups Title The relative...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".