Cultural Heritage Frameworks and Governance in China and Europe: Lessons for Romania
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article examines the major theoretical frameworks shaping contemporary cultural heritage management (Authorized Heritage Discourse, Values-Based Heritage Management, Sustainable Heritage Management, Cultural Landscape Theory, and Heritage Tourism Theory) and evaluates their applicability across different governance and cultural contexts. Drawing on case studies from Europe and China, it analyzes how political systems, planning traditions, and cultural values influence the interpretation, conservation, and use of heritage. The comparative discussion highlights Europe’s shift toward participatory, community-centered governance and China’s state-directed model, which selectively incorporates international best practices while maintaining centralized narrative control. The paper then considers implications for Romania, positioned between these paradigms. It argues that Romania’s heritage sector would benefit from integrating participatory mechanisms, sustainability principles, and interdisciplinary approaches while adapting international models to local administrative and socio-cultural realities. Overall, the study demonstrates that heritage management must be context-sensitive, balancing expert knowledge, community values, and sustainable development to ensure the long-term vitality of cultural heritage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".