A Tale of Two Dams: Debating Hydroelectricity on the International St. John River, 1953–1968
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the period 1953–1968, Canadian and American officials planned the full development of the international St. John River, including large, publicly operated dams in northern Maine linked with tidal power and smaller hydro operations downriver at Mactaquac, New Brunswick. In doing so, planners conceptualized the river as a cross-border power source linked by a regional power grid. This article examines the concurrent controversies over dams in both jurisdictions and why, in the end, only Mactaquac was built. Opposition was most effective in Maine because of lobbying by federal agencies, local and national wilderness organizations, private paper companies, and, most importantly, private power companies. In contrast, New Brunswick’s electrical sector was dominated by a single public power utility that enjoyed great leeway in pursuing development. Moreover, while Mactaquac’s opponents emphasized environmental and aesthetic concerns similar to their Maine counterparts, they did not have the same national or corporate support.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".