Axing Assumptions: Reconsidering Uses and Users of Fourteenth- to Fifteenth-Century Wendat Ground Stone Celts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Throughout the world, archaeologists traditionally attribute ground stone celts to woodworking and, by extension, to the masculine realm. This paper challenges the application of this universalizing, functionally narrow, and androcentric narrative by engaging with ancestral Wendat (Huron) ground stone celts through the writings of Wendat authors, early contact ethnohistory, ethnoarchaeology, and experimental archaeology. Use-wear analyses conducted on celts sampled from three Wendat villages occupied between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries reveal traces of different gestures and contact materials. Beyond field clearing and construction, ground stone celts were an integral part of various aspects of ancestral Wendat village life, including the transformation of trees, plants, soils, and animals. By exposing the traces that testify to these various encounters, this article expands ancestral Wendat ground stone celts’ functional and gendered attributions, bringing to light the complex diversity contained within this understudied yet normalized object category.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".