A Quantitative Stress Index for Wearable Devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stress detection has been widely studied using physiological signals. However, most research considers stress as a categorical level, limiting the ability to uncover stress’s latent continuous psychological structure. A quantitative representation of stress accommodates inter-individual differences, enhances measurement reliability and sensitivity to changes, and facilitates adaptive real-time applications. This study proposes a framework for estimating a Quantitative Stress Index (QSI), a continuous stress score derived from self-report questionnaires and estimated using physiological features. These features are extracted from Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) obtained from Blood Volume Pulse (BVP) signals collected via the Empatica E4 wrist-worn device. The results indicate that the physiological QSI model effectively differentiates between stress and relaxation states, showing improved performance compared to established approaches and demonstrating its potential for quantitative, real-time stress monitoring using wearable sensors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".