Examining the Influence of Sex and Inflammation on Brain Health and Cognition in a Multiethnic Canadian Cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inflammation may play a key role in women’s increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, few studies have examined the impact of sex on relationships between inflammation, brain health, and cognitive outcomes in mid-to-late life. To address this gap, cross-sectional data were analyzed from N=132 cognitively unimpaired older adults (mean age 66.7; 73%F), primarily of South Asian, Chinese, or non-Hispanic White descent. Findings demonstrated higher levels of inflammation as measured by plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) in females compared to males overall (d =0.52; p=0.008). Furthermore, females had lower gray matter volume (ß=0.35, p<0.001), lower white matter microstructural integrity (ß=0.52, p=0.02), and higher free water (ß=-0.29, p=0.07) at greater levels of inflammation compared to males. These findings highlight a female-specific brain vulnerability to inflammation that may contribute to sex differences in AD risk, emphasizing the need for early preventative interventions targeting inflammatory processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".