Bibliographic record
Abstract
This Issue Brief examines DOD's four largest tactical aircraft modernization programs.The background section provides a brief description of each program, and a discussion of how tactical aircraft fit into military air operations: the missions they typically perform and how they contrast to longer-range combat aircraft.The Analysis section examines a number of policy issues including affordability, capability required, force structure, service roles and missions, industrial base, and transformation.The paper concludes with a synopsis of recent congressional action on these programs.The Defense Department plans to buy the F/A-22 fighter for the Air Force, the F/A-18E-/F fighter/attack plane for the Navy, and the V-22 tilt-rotor aircraft for the Marines and Air Force special operations, as well as pursue a joint-service program to develop a multirole Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) aircraft in three variants, some of which might be operational around 2012.Decisions in Congress and the Defense Department regarding these aircraft programs may have important long-term implications.The F/A-18E/F is in full-rate production.The V-22, and the F/A-22 are now in transition from research-development (R&D) to procurement and could remain in production for decades.The next-generation combat aircraft that are expected to result from joint-service efforts now getting underway through the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program might be in production through the 2020s.Decisions about the funding of these programs will influence which U.S. aircraft manufacturers survive in the aviation industry, and may well affect the division of combat roles and missions among the services in the next century.Congress has questioned these tactical aircraft modernization plans on grounds of affordability and requirements.Because of the lack of consensus about future threats and defense requirements, there has been increasing skepticism about the need for some of these aircraft programs on grounds of cost and affordability, military requirements and force levels, and effects on the defense industrial base.Debate has also emerged on the need to balance modernization needs with military transformation goals.IB92115 06-06-05 1 See CRS Report RL32447 for more information on DOD helicopter modernization issues. CRS-1 MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTSThe Bush Administration's FY2006 defense budget included the following requests for tactical aircraft programs: F/A-22 -$4.8 billion; JSF -$5 billion; F/A-18E/F -$3.2 billion; EA-18G -.75 billion; V-22 -$1.7 billion.House and Senate authorizing committees generally supported DOD's request.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.519 | 0.438 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".